Rate Hikes Are Now a Virtual Certainty In Both Canada and the U.S. After the Release of the Latest Employment Data
July 10, 2017Credit Reports: Your Financial DNA
July 19, 2017
The Bank of Canada (BoC) raised its overnight rate by 0.25% last Wednesday, as expected, and lenders wasted no time in increasing their prime rates, on which our variable-rate mortgages are priced, by the same amount.
The key question now is what happens next? Should we expect more increases by the BoC at their upcoming meetings? Or will the BoC adopt a more cautious wait-and-see approach? How will our economy, with its newfound momentum still far from assured, respond?
In today’s post we’ll look at the highlights from the latest BoC statement that accompanied its rate hike, and I also recommend a review of the Bank’s latest Monetary Policy Report (MPR), which gives us the BoC’s latest assessment of the current economic conditions at home and abroad, and offers forecasts on what lies ahead. If you’re trying to figure out what the BoC will do next, the MPR provides important clues.
Highlights from the BoC’s Post-Meeting Statement
- The Bank now believes that our economic growth will remain “above potential” and that our economy will now close its output gap and reach its full capacity by the end of 2017. When the output gap closes (as a reminder, the output gap measures the gap between our economy’s actual output and its maximum potential output), inflation will accelerate. The BoC worries that if it waits until then to raise its policy rate, it may have to tighten more quickly, and to a degree that might choke off our economy’s hard-won momentum.
- The Bank “acknowledges recent softness in inflation but judges this to be temporary”, and it feels compelled to move now because there is a “lag between monetary policy actions and future inflation”. Of course, if today’s low levels of inflation prove not to be temporary, the Bank may well regret having tightened monetary policy in the current environment (and to be clear, it is very unusual for a central bank to be raising rates with inflation hovering near a 10-year low, as ours is now).
- The Bank assessed our current economic momentum as “robust”, but acknowledged that it has mainly been fuelled by household spending, which it expects will “slow over the projected horizon”. As household spending slows, the BoC believes that exports will “make an increasing contribution to growth”, and that business investment “should also add to growth” based largely on the more upbeat tone in the latest Business Outlook Survey. It seems reasonable to assume that household spending will slow in response to the federal government’s efforts to curb household debt accumulation, but the belief that rising export demand and increased business investment will fill the gap seems less assured (in large part because of the Loonie’s recent rise, which I provide more detail on below).
- The Bank assessed that the global economy “continues to strengthen” and that the U.S. economy has recovered from a “tepid” first quarter and is now “growing at a solid pace”. I must be looking at different U.S. economic data because the experts I read have had no trouble providing lots of recent examples of slowing U.S. economic momentum. These include employment data details that belie the banner headline numbers, weak retail sales spending data, declining credit growth, and sentiment surveys that show falling consumer and business confidence levels (to name a just few).
- The Bank did note that we are still experiencing “elevated geopolitical uncertainty … particularly for trade and investment”, and also noted the continued softening of world oil prices. I can’t square a broadly based rise in business investment with today’s heightened geopolitical uncertainty. And if oil prices continue to fall, will that undermine the BoC’s belief that the Canadian economy has completed its adjustment to lower oil prices?
Financial markets interpreted the BoC’s statement as being generally hawkish, meaning that investors believe that more policy-rate hikes may be imminent, and the futures market now puts the odds of another BoC rate increase later this year at about 75%.
Government of Canada (GoC) bond yields continued to rise in response, and they took our fixed mortgage rates along for the ride. Canadian lenders increased their fixed rates again after the BoC’s announcement on Wednesday, with five-year fixed rates rising by another 0.20% on average.
The contrarian in me believes that now is a good time for a few important reminders: 1) Forecasting is a tough task on the best of days, 2) The BoC, along with just about every other central bank on the planet, has been way off the mark with its projections since the start of the Great Recession in 2008, and 3) the BoC projects current prices and exchange rates into the future when making its forecasts, and is wedded to this approach even in cases where a material change is easy to foresee and where it will have a significant impact on BoC’s outlook.
Let me expand on that last point because as I read the BoC’s latest MPR, I grew frustrated by the Bank’s failure to address the elephant in the room.
When the BoC developed its latest economic forecast the Loonie was trading at 76 cents against the Greenback. The Bank projected this exchange rate into the future, even though it knew full well that its policy-rate rise would push the Loonie higher.
The BoC blissfully assumed that a relatively cheap Loonie would continue to act as a stimulus for export demand that would eventually lead to increased business investment and a rise in employment – fuelling a self-reinforcing cycle of economic prosperity and renewal.
But to the surprise of no one, the Loonie hasn’t stayed at 76 cents. It closed at 79 cents on Friday and if the BoC hikes rates again, it will soar higher still.
Our exports picked up in the first half of this year as the Loonie fell from about 76 cents to 73 cents. But since May, it has shot 6 cents higher, which is an increase of 8% in a little more than two months (see chart on right).
Last week, Economist David Rosenberg estimated that the run-up in the Loonie since Deputy BoC Governor Wilkens delivered her policy-shifting speech on June 12 has been economically equivalent to another 1.50% in rate increases by the BoC. Yet the Bank made no allowance for this in any of its forecasts. (And we wonder why these have been so consistently off the mark?)
If exports are negatively affected by the Loonie’s rise, and it is reasonable to assume that they will be, it appears that it will be a surprise to the BoC, which didn’t even list the soaring Loonie as one of the main risks to its outlook at the end of the MPR.
To be fair, the BoC knows that if their forecasts project a higher Loonie, that alone will push it higher, so they are stuck between a rock and a hard place. But ignoring the impact of exchange-rate fluctuations in the current environment, where export-led growth is the key to our continued recovery, is turning a blind eye toward a critical input.
It is clear that the developed world’s central bankers are now very keen to raise interest rates. They are obviously concerned about the instability risks that have accumulated over this extended period of ultra-low rates, and that means that they are bound to view the incoming data through a hawkish lens. But if they really will continue to be “guided by incoming economic data”, I believe that data may stay their hand on the rate-rise lever for longer than the markets currently believe.
Five-year GoC bond yields rose by four basis points last week, closing at 1.51% on Friday. Five-year fixed-rate mortgages are still available at rates as low as 2.54% for high-ratio buyers (but probably not for much longer), and at rates as low as 2.89% for low-ratio buyers, depending on the size of their down payment and the purchase price of the property. Meanwhile, borrowers who are looking to refinance should be able to find five-year fixed rates in the 2.99% to 3.09% range.
Five-year variable-rate mortgage discounts remain largely unchanged and are still available at rates as low as prime minus 0.80% (2.15% today) for high-ratio buyers, and at rates as low as prime minus 0.70% (2.25% today) for low-ratio buyers, again depending on the size of their down payment and the purchase price of the property. Borrowers who are looking to refinance should be able to find five-year variable rates around the prime minus 0.40% to 0.70% range, which works out to between 2.25% and 2.55% using today’s prime rate of 2.95%.
The Bottom Line: The BoC raised rates last week and sounded generally hawkish about the prospect of doing so again in the near future. But our economic data should still have something to say about what happens next, so we’ll keep an eye on key statistics like average wages, hours worked, inflation measures and the value of the Loonie. As always, the devil is in the detail.